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How to Create a Suicide Safety Plan

How to Create a Suicide Safety Plan Depression Suicide Print How to Create a Suicide Safety Plan By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on January 28, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 04, 2020 Mayur Kakade / Moment / Getty Images More in Depression Suicide Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Types Childhood Depression Information presented in this article may be triggering to some people. If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. A suicide safety plan is a written set of instructions that you create for yourself as a contingency plan should you begin to experience thoughts about harming yourself. It will contain a series of gradually escalating steps that you will follow, proceeding from one step to the next, until you are safe. If you have depression, whether it has been diagnosed by a healthcare provider or not, there is a very real risk that at some point in the course of the illness you may experience thoughts of suicide. While the emotional pain that has triggered these thoughts may feel overwhelming, it does not mean that you will lose control or act on your thoughts. In fact, having a suicide safety plan in place is one method you can use to cope with your bad feelings until circumstances change. Tips for Creating a Suicide Safety Plan You should work together with someone you trustâ€"such as your best friend, a close family member, or your doctor or therapistâ€"to develop your suicide safety plan. It is best to get these people involved  since you will most likely need to call on them if you decide to execute your plan. Try to create the plan while you are feeling well and can think clearly, rather than waiting until you are actively suicidal. Put your suicide safety plan in writing and keep it in a place where you can easily find it should the need arise. Information to Include in a Suicide Safety Plan Your suicide safety plan should include several steps and be written in the order presented below. An example of each step is provided to help you think about what that step means for you. When the Plan Should Be Used The first step in creating your suicide safety plan is to familiarize yourself with the types of situations, images, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that might precede or accompany suicidal urges for you. List these warning signs so that you can refer back to them when deciding whether to activate your plan. Its also helpful to familiarize yourself with some of the risk factors for suicide in order to recognize these warning signs if present. A warning sign could be that you tend to isolate yourself and not take good care of your health when you get depressed. How to Calm/Comfort Yourself Create a list of activities that can be soothing to you when youre upset. If you cant think of any examples off-hand, you may wish to brainstorm and try some mind-body methods that have helped others such as breathing exercises or body scan meditation. Or take a look at ?different ways to reduce stress to see if any methods might be helpful for you. A few self-soothing ideas to consider: taking a hot bath, listening to music, or exercising. Your Reasons for Living Create a list of your reasons for living. When you are feeling suicidal, it is very easy to get caught up in the pain you are feeling and forget the positives in your life. Your list will help you refocus your attention on the reasons to keep going until your suicidal thoughts and feelings pass. Some people with or without depression find that keeping a gratitude journal is helpful. If you find yourself feeling suicidal, looking at what you have written may help you focus on the positives in your life until the feelings pass. Consider writing about blessings like your family, friends, dog, health, or faith. Who You Can Talk To Keep a list of contacts you can talk to if you are unable to distract yourself with self-help measures. List names, phone numbers, or other contact information and be sure to have backups in case your first or second choices are unavailable. Your list of trusted contacts may include your significant other, friends, relatives, or your religious leader. Who You Can Turn to for Professional Assistance Create a list of all professional resources available to you, along with their phone numbers, email addresses, and other pertinent contact information. This is also a good place to keep a number for a crisis hotline such as the  National Suicide Prevention Lifeline  at 800-273-TALK (800-273-8255). Members of your professional health care team can include your psychiatrist and your therapist as well as a crisis hotline. If you havent yet seen a mental health professional, take a moment to learn about the different types of therapists who care for people with depression and make an appointment today. Depression Discussion Guide Get our printable guide to help you ask the right questions at your next doctors appointment. Download PDF How to Make Your Environment Safe Plan what steps you can take to make yourself safe. This may involve removing or securing any items that you are likely to use to hurt yourself, or going to another location until the urges have passed. It may also involve getting another person involved to help you. If you feel like hurting yourself, you might plan to go to a public place like a mall, restaurant, or library to distract yourself. Or if you are feeling suicidal, you might ask someone to keep your gun at their house. What Can You Do If You Are Still Not Feeling Safe? If all other steps have failed to keep you feeling safe, go to your nearest hospital emergency room and ask for assistance. Keep the name, address, and directions to the hospital listed in your plan for easy access or save it in your GPS. If you do not feel that you can get to the hospital safely on your own, call 911 or the emergency contact number appropriate for where you live and ask for transport to the hospital. What to Do If a Friend Is Suicidal Many people with depression have friends who are coping with similar challenges. This could be a friend you have met in a depression support group, or simply a friend or family member you have known for a long time. After all, depression is common. After you have completed your own safety plan, encourage others who are coping with depression to create a plan for themselves. How to Help a Friend Who Is Feeling Suicidal How to Use Your Suicide Safety Plan If you begin to experience any of the warning signs of suicide listed in your suicide safety plan, proceed through the steps you have previously outlined for yourself, one by one, until you are feeling safe again. An exception would be if you are feeling out of control and are strongly thinking of suicide. In that case, it is best to call either a trusted friend who can be with you immediately or 911. While you will likely have your suicide safety plan in your home, there are now smartphone safety plan apps that you can take with you anywhere. These apps may be of particular benefit for younger people and those in regions where suicide support options are lacking. At the current time, however, we lack information on how helpful these apps are and some apps have been found to have potentially dangerous content. Plans such as Safety-Net appear to be more comprehensive, but its important to talk to your mental health professional as to whether they recommend one of these apps, and if so, which one they feel is best for you. Tips for Coping With Depression and Suicidal Thoughts

Dr. Roberta Bondar Biography

Doctor Roberta Bondar is a neurologist and a researcher of the nervous system. For More than a  decade she was NASAs head of space medicine. She was one of the six original Canadian astronauts selected in 1983. In 1992 Roberta Bondar became the first Canadian woman and the second Canadian astronaut to go into space. She spent eight days in space. After her return from space, Roberta Bondar left the Canadian Space Agency and continued her research. She also developed a new career as a nature photographer. While Chancellor of Trent University from 2003 to 2009, Roberta Bondar demonstrated her commitment to environmental science and life-long learning and was an inspiration to students, alumni, and scientists. She has received over 22 honorary degrees.   Roberta Bondar as a Child As a child, Roberta Bondar was interested in science. She enjoyed animal and science fairs. She even built a lab in her basement with her father. She enjoyed doing scientific experiments there. Her love of science would be evident throughout her life. Roberta Bondar Space Mission Payload Specialist on Space Mission S-42  - Space Shuttle Discovery - January 22-30, 1992 Birth December 4, 1945 in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario Education BSc in Zoology and Agriculture - University of GuelphMSc in Experimental Pathology - University of Western OntarioPhD in Neurobiology - University of TorontoMD - McMaster UniversityInternship in Internal Medicine - Toronto General HospitalPost-graduate medical training at the University of Western Ontario, at Tufts New England Medical Center in Boston and at the Playfair Neuroscience Unit of Toronto Western Hospital Facts About Roberta Bondar, Astronaut Roberta Bondar was one of the first six Canadians astronauts selected in 1983.She began astronaut training at NASA in February 1984.Roberta Bondar became chairperson of the Canadian Life Sciences Subcommittee for the Space Station in 1985.She also served as a member of the Premiers Council on Science and Technology.In 1992 Roberta Bondar flew as a payload specialist on the space shuttle Discovery. During the space mission, she conducted a complex set of microgravity experiments.Roberta Bondar left the Canadian Space Agency in September 1992.For the next 10 years, Roberta Bondar led a research team at NASA studying information from dozens of space missions to analyze the bodys mechanisms for recovering from exposure to space. Roberta Bondar, Photographer, and Author Dr. Roberta Bondar has taken her experience as a scientist, doctor, and astronaut and applied it to landscape and nature photography, sometimes in the most extreme physical locations on earth. Her photographs are displayed in many collections and she has also published four books: Landscape of DreamsPassionate Vision: Discovering Canadas National ParksThe Arid Edge of EarthTouching the Earth

Example of the Life of an Immigrant Based on the Book by Esmeralda Santiago Free Essay Example, 1500 words

Add to this the strain between Negi`s parents - her hardworking mother and her errant father, who, despite loving his children, nevertheless had affairs with other women, which in the end instigated Negi`s parents to separate. But before that happens, the often distressing relationships between her mother and father are depicted by Santiago with pain but without judgement, in a way as a child would indeed perceive relations between parents. All these circumstances of Santiago`s childhood, forced into our imagination with the help of the author`s descriptive literary talent, introduces us to the conditions of her life - poverty, conflicts between her parents, and the position of Santiago as the eldest child to help her mother with the rest of children, which, in combination with the expectations that parents laid upon Negi, was inflicting her nascent self-image. Again, due to the impressive level of immersion into the account enabled by the author masterful language, we almost emotio nally relive events that greatly impress Negi along with her, as for example is the case with the bicycle accident in which the youngest brother of Negi hurts his foot. We will write a custom essay sample on Example of the Life of an Immigrant Based on the Book by Esmeralda Santiago or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now In addition to this, the Spanish culture of Puerto Rican society was also exerting a great influence on Santiago. For example, this concerns different roles of men and women in Puerto Rico, where it was normal that if men work hard they may have time for rest, while women are rarely given such a time for recreation even after a much harder toil. As the result of this, women often develop a disrespect and hostility towards men, which surely influenced the worldview of Negi. On the other hand, striving to understand the notion of love Negi gets engulfed in romantic novels that offer a contrasting image of love relationships. The concept of digital, which along with some other Spanish terms Santiago finds difficult if not impossible to properly translate into English, represents another dominant element of the social code of Puerto Rican society that, ironically, often only contributes to the oppression of women.

Earth Structures Free Essays

Lesson Goal: Recognize how bedrock responds to tectonic forces originating deep within Earth. 1. Compare and contrast stress and strain. We will write a custom essay sample on Earth Structures or any similar topic only for you Order Now In material science, strain is express by deformation caused through the action of stress on a physical body. It is calculated by a change in two body states; beginning and final states. The difference in two states expresses the (numerical) value of strain. Strain is equal to a change in size and shape of a physical body. Strain can be categorized in to two types; homogenous and non-homogenous. Homogenous strain is referred if the strain is equal the entire portion of the body while non-homogenous strain; the strain is equal to a portion of a body. Stress is equivalent to force per unit area. It is calculated by the intensity of internal forces performing within a body across imaginary internal surfaces. This results to externally applied and body forces. Stress is related to force while strain is related to deformation. In stress-associated properties, all materials have temperature dependent differences. Static fluids support the hydrostatic pressure; it will flow under shear stress. Moving viscous fluids supports the dynamic pressure (Samaniego â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns†). 2. Distinguish between joints and faults. What makes a fault active? In geology, joint is a fracture in a rock mass, which has no offset. It refers to non-lateral movement of one side relative to the other while a fault refers to a fracture in rock mass where one side slides laterally past to the other. The structure of a joint forms a solid and hard rock that stretches past its elastic modules. In any case, the rock fractures in a plane perpendicular to the extensional stress is paralled with compressive stress. Joints naturally exist when erosion removes overlying rocks. This reduces the compressive load and allowing the rock to expand laterally. In addition, cooling of hot rock masses and cooling joints forms joint (Joint 2007). There are three major classifications of faults. These include normal, reverse and strike slip faults. The (tectonic) stresses due to plate motions were developed over time and breaks in the crust of the Earth. The rocks at uneven periods break up. This results to earthquakes. Normal faulting originated at the divergent boundaries while reverse faulting originated at convergent boundaries. Normal faulting is associated with crustal extension while reverse faulting is associated with crustal shortening. Lastly, strike-slip faulting originated at transformed boundaries (Reches â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis†). 3. Explain what each type of unconformity implies about the sequence of geologic events. Four types of unconformity include; disconformity, nonconformity, angular unconformity and paraconformity. Disconformity refers to an unconformity between parallel layers of sedimentary rocks representing a period of erosion. Nonconformity exists between sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. The sedimentary rock lies above and deposited on the pre-existing and eroded igneous rock. Unconformity refers to a break in the continuity of sedimentary rocks caused by erosion. Paraconformity appears when the beds above and below are parallel; no erosion-al surface is present. In any case, the unconformity results to a separation and/or deposition of two rock masses causing the sequence of geologic events (Unconformity 2007). Works Cited â€Å"Joint. † 2007. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. , Columbia University Press. 9 December 2007 http://www. infoplease. com/ce6/sci/A0826522. html. Reches, Z. â€Å"Faulting of rocks in three-dimensional strain fields II. Theoretical analysis. † 31 March 2003. Technophysics. 9 December 2007 http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V72-48894N0-2S_user=10_origUdi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S_fmt=high_coverDate=05%2F20%2F1983_rdoc=1_orig=article_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=ca2e0b329475a6f5a70a37b5eda89e86. Samaniego, A. â€Å"Stress, strain and fault patterns. † 30 July 1999. Journal of Structural Geology. 9 December 2007 http://www. sciencedirect. com/science? _ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V9D-3X2HYRH-S_user=10_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_sort=dview=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=715c8aab57dd7baa2d89a90c55869bbd. â€Å"Unconformity. † Sci-Tech Encyclopedia. 9 December 2007 http://www. answers. com/topic/unconformity? cat=technology. How to cite Earth Structures, Papers

The Political Reasons free essay sample

The political and economic reasons behind the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade Like most historical arguments, there is much controversy about the reasons for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade and the subsequent progressive abolition of the slave system itself in the New World . Some have argued that in Britain, it was the power of the moral/Christian arguments presented by the abolitionist movement, led by the great parliamentarian, William Wildflower.Others have pointed to the international impact of the French Revolution, or emphasize the growing crescendo of slave rebellion in he New World colonies, or inter-imperialist competition between the European powers, or to changing economic conditions in the development of capitalism . In support to this background, this paper discusses the political and economic reasons behind the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. We will write a custom essay sample on The Political Reasons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the first place, the paper discusses the political reasons behind the abolition of the slave trade and then lastly the economic reasons behind the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade.To begin with, it is worth noting to note that, politically, critical events such as he Haiti and the slave revolts inspired by the French and American Revolutions played a very substantial role in the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade . With regards to this, it is of absolute importance to note that the vital changes that brought the transatlantic trade to an end occurred not in Europe, but in the colonies where the slaves were put to work in the plantation system .Although the abolitionist movements in Britain, the ASSAI, France and elsewhere were important, they played a secondary or auxiliary role to the struggles of the black slaves themselves . Thus, Political and social hanged inspired by the American and French Revolutions, stimulated both slave revolts and abolition movements alike, wh ich often became inextricably linked with independence movements .The 1791 slave rising in Saint- Dominion (Haiti), which transformed into a struggle for self-determination and national independence, was two years after Revolution in France and the first successful slave revolution . In response, the French revolutionary government was inspired to abolish slavery in 1794, though this was restored under Napoleon in 1802 . The final victory of Waits Black Jacobin over British invasion and then Napoleons attempt to re-take the island in 1803 led in 1804 to recognition of Waits independence.In 1816 Simon Bolivar was inspired and materially aided by the revolutionaries in Haiti, in the invasion of mainland South America that eventually defeated the Spanish Empire . The army included many black troops. Very closely related to this, in British Jamaica, the continuing resistance of the Maroons (warrior communities of escaped slaves) was a constant thorn in the side of the colonial government and the planters, despite the compromise ready that resulted from the Maroon wars led by the woman liberation fighter, Nanny of the Maroons, fifty years earlier .Also it was the revolt of 20,000 slaves in Jamaica in 1831 , and its horrific repression, which influenced the passing of the 1833 bill abolishing slavery itself in all British colonies which only finally took effect in 1 838 after EYE million in compensation, was paid to the planters for their loss of property (EYE billion in todays money) . In the second place, it is of paramount importance to note that, the abolition of the Atlantic Slave trade was a political movement with a social base that as mainly plebeian who saw slavery as a threat to their own liberties . If the motives of the slaves themselves for resistance and revolution are clear, the motives for the abolition movement in Britain are less so . First, it was not just a moral crusade by a few upper class leaders but a political movement with a social base that was mainly plebeian who saw slavery as a threat to their own liberties . The movement was a broad alliance of artisans, small farmers and other petit-bourgeois layers, together with exploited workers, many of whom sympathized with the egalitarian and democratic ideals of the FrenchRevolution and in a few cases socialism, but whose leaderships were often drawn from the articulate professional classes and the gentry, like Wildflower one of the abolitionist himself, and his allies in parliament. It was this broad, multi-class mass movement, far more than a single issue campaign, which included many of the 10-15,000 black people living in London at the end of the eighteenth century which also led to the abolition of the Atlantic S lave trade .Having looked into the political reasons for the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade let us look into the economic reasons. In the first place it is of absolute importance to note that the economic shifts from dirty slavery business into imperialism and Industrial revolution also led to the abolition of Atlantic slave trade . That is, underlying both political and social movements, systemic developments in the growing world capitalist economy were taking place; in the vanguard was British imperialism and its industrial revolution . The New World plantation system was a highly developed form of the slave mode of production that, unlike ancient slavery, was integrated into and increasingly driven by a growing capitalist world market . The profits from New World leaver had significantly contributed to the primitive accumulation of capital that enabled the industrial revolution, especially in Britain . However, by the end of the 18th century, the profitability of plantation slavery was in decline and so was the slave system as a whole .However, it was certainly in decline relative to the overall development Of British capitalism . It had played a crucial role during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the process of accumulation of capital, but became increasingly secondary and eventually marginal to later development . There were now more profitable outlets in industry and commerce for investments than in the dirty slave business . At its high point towards the end of the eighteenth century the Atlantic tr iangular trade supplied about one third of all European imports and could make up to 200 percent profit on investments . In Britain a copper and brass industry was created along the Avon valley to supply Bristol with quality metal goods to be traded for slaves in Africa . Similarly the iron industries of the Severe valley did the same. Wealth poured into ports such as Bristol, London, Liverpool and Glasgow, which provided more capital for investments and reedit to kick-start the industrial revolution . By 1770 Britains colonial markets absorbed 38% of her exports.But it was during the last quarter of the eighteenth century that industrial take-off occurred leading to a gradual relative decline in the importance of the slave colonies . It was the existing dynamism of emergent British capitalism based on wage labor that enabled Britain to become the dominant slaving nation . By the end of the eighteenth century there Were fifty factories in Manchester alone employing hundreds even thousands of workers. Rapid industrialization required new larger arrest and drew in more and more capital investment, pushing the Atlantic trade system into relative decline.British capitalism had outgrown the triangular trade . Another economic reason behind the abolishment of the Atlantic slave trade was Imperial competition . Although Britain had been the premier slaving nation, slavery now appeared to benefit Britains competitors more than Britain itself. Prior to revolution in Haiti, this one large island colony had provided France with two thirds of its foreign earnings. In particular, Napoleonic France needed the profits from slavery more than industrialism Britain did .The abolitionists, whose ideology corresponded to the interests of egalitarian and democratic artisan and proletarian classes in alliance with Christian fundamentalists, had started with the support of only nine MSP . But, political instability in the colonies, changing economic priorities and now war with France, led a once marginal anti-slavery lobby to gradually gain ground within sections of the ruling class and their representatives in parliament, which now turned to support measures against the slave trade .In May 1 806 parliament passed an act, supported by the abolition movement, Nanning British subjects from participating in the slave trade with France and its allies . The pro-slavery lobby was outnumbered because the bill was presented as a patriotic war measure directed against French interests . It was a major blow to the slave trade and laid the ground for the 1 807 act of abolition . The Royal Navys subsequent campaigns against the international slave trade were presented as a moral crusade by Britain, but was much more a form of economic war against its less economically developed competitors .Lastly, the decline and fall of the colonial slave mode of production was also he other e conomic reason behind the abolition of the Anatolia Slave trade . That is, although in 1820 the plantations were still profitable, by then the policing of the seaways by the British navy was taking its toll . Profits and investment were in relative decline . Historically all large-scale slave systems require a constant replenishment of cheap stolen labor power for an adequate realization of surplus value.However, if these conditions fail, at a certain point the costly reproduction of labor -slave breeding that had previously been discouraged, except in North America, becomes a rational economic choice. Thus, growing shortages of labor, which could not be adds tautly solved by smuggling slaves, forced the plantation owners to institute a labor regime of hutted slaves, who were now encouraged to raise a family, often maintained by small plots of land, and who could work together as a family on the masters plantation.It was only in North America where the internal reproduction of slave labor proved viable in the long term. This was the system that came to predominate during the nineteenth century. It was different in important respects to the far more profitable and ritual all male slave g ang system (who lived in guarded barracks), which had predominated during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in the Caribbean . In eighteenth century Barbados four out of ten slaves died in three years due to brutality and overwork.This inhuman system, with parallels in the Roman registrars at the time of Asparagus, is marked by great gender inequality, with mostly segregated female slaves representing less than a quarter of the slave population, who were employed in the great house as servants, or in market gardening, processing, etc . Although inhuman, cruel and highly exploitative, the hutted slave is only a Step away from a dependent tenant, or a system of peonage. The successful encouragement of family life required better conditions creating greater self- respect, social solidarity, and a better relationship of forces in relation to the master class .Slave resistance could no longer be contained. Slavery perished because it became politically untenable, perishing in stormy class struggles in the colonies and the metropolis In conclusion, the Atlantic slave trade perished because it became politically N D also economically untenable as the paper has explained because of the slave revolts inspired by the French and American Revolutions which stimulated abolitionists movements in Britain, France, USA and elsewhere.Apart from this, the Atlantic slave trade also perished because it was a political movement with a social base that was mainly plebeian who saw slavery as a threat to their own liberties. Further to this, the Atlantic slave trade also perished because of economic shifts from dirty slavery business to imperialism and industrial revolution and also because of imperial intention and the fall of colonial slave mode of production.

Romeo Must Die Critiscism essays

Romeo Must Die Critiscism essays Action-packed, witty, sophisticated, interesting, riveting- these are just a few of the words that can be used to describe Romeo Must Die, a gripping film directed by mastermind Andrzej Bartkowiak. This superb film features an all-star line of actors, including the beautiful Aaliyah Haughton, the talented Jet Li, DMX, Anthony Anderson, Delroy Lindo, Russell Wong, Isaiah Washington, Edoardo Ballerini and Henry O. Aaliyah plays the part of Trish, the daughter of Isaak ODay (Lindo). Jet Li is Han Sing, the eldest son of Chu Sing (Henry O). DMX is a club owner, named Silk. Anthony Anderson plays the part of one of Isaak ODays business partners, as well as Trishs bodyguard. Isaiah Washington plays Mac, another business partner of ODay. Russell Wong plays the role of Kai, a business partner of Chu Sing. Edoardo Ballerini plays Vincent Roth, a cunning businessman with no ties to either of the family, with the exception of a mutual interest in money. Set in the year 2000, the majority of this film occurs at the Oakland- San Francisco waterfront, an area that contains properties that are of extreme value. A small part takes place in Hong Kong. The setting of the waterfront is greatly important to the film, as the main conflict concerns its properties. The main characters in this movie are Trish ODay, Han Sing, Kai, Chu Sing, Mac, Vincent Roth and Isaak ODay. Isaak ODay and Chu Sing are the heads of two feuding families, and are also major players in a business deal concerning waterfront properties, which are to be turned into a major moneymaking stadium. The ODays are African- American, and the Sings are Chinese. Issak ODay, though he appears tough, seems to be soft at heart, especially when it concerns his daughter Trish. Delroy Lindo does an excellent job of showing both sides of Mr. ODays character. You can tell just by loo...

A Look at the Valley and Ridge

A Look at the Valley and Ridge Viewed from above, the Valley and Ridge physiographic province is one of the most defining features of the Appalachian Mountains; its alternating, narrow ridges and valleys almost resemble a corduroy pattern. The province is situated west of the Blue Ridge Mountain province and east of the Appalachian Plateau. Like the rest of the Appalachian Highlands Region, the Valley and Ridge moves from southwest to northeast (from Alabama to New York).   The Great Valley, which makes up the eastern portion of the Valley and Ridge, is known by more than 10 different regional names over its 1,200-mile path. It has hosted settlements on its fertile soils and served as a north-south travel route for a very long time.  The western half of the Valley and Ridge is comprised of the Cumberland Mountains to the south and Allegheny Mountains to the north; the boundary between the two is located in West Virginia. Many mountain ridges in the province rise upwards of 4,000 feet. Geologic Background Geologically, the Valley and Ridge is very different than the Blue Ridge Mountain province, even though the neighboring provinces were shaped during many of the same mountain building episodes and both rise to above-average elevations. The Valley and Ridge rocks are almost entirely sedimentary and were initially deposited during the Paleozoic era. During this time, an ocean covered much of eastern North America.  You can find many marine fossils in the province as evidence, including brachiopods, crinoids and trilobites. This ocean, along with the erosion of bordering landmasses, generated large amounts of sedimentary rock.   The ocean eventually came to a close in the Alleghanian orogeny, as the North American and African protocontinents came together to form Pangea. As the continents collided, the sediment and rock stuck between them had nowhere to go. It was put under stress from the approaching landmass and folded into great anticlines and synclines. These layers were then thrust up to 200 miles westward.   Since mountain building ceased around 200 million years ago, the rocks have eroded to form the present-day landscape. Harder, more erosion-resistant sedimentary rocks like sandstone and conglomerate cap the tops of ridges, while softer rocks like limestone, dolomite and shale have eroded into valleys.  The folds decrease in deformation moving west until they die out underneath the Appalachian Plateau.   Places to See Natural Chimney Park, Virginia - These towering rock structures, reaching heights of 120 feet, are the result of karst topography. Hard columns of limestone rock were deposited during the Cambrian and withstood the test of time as the surrounding rock eroded away.   Folds and faults of Georgia - Dramatic anticlines and synclines can be seen within roadcuts throughout the entire Valley and Ridge, and Georgia is no exception. Check out Taylor Ridge, Rockmart slate folds and the Rising Fawn thrust fault.   Spruce Knob, West Virginia - At 4,863 feet, Spruce Knob is the highest point in West Virginia, the Allegheny Mountains and the entire Valley and Ridge province.   Cumberland Gap, Virginia, Tennessee and Kentucky - Often referenced in folk and blues music, the Cumberland Gap is a natural pass through the Cumberland Mountains. Daniel Boone first marked this trail in 1775, and it served as the gateway to the West into the 20th century.   Horseshoe Curve, Pennsylvania - Although more of a historical or cultural landmark, Horseshoe Curve is a great example of geologys influence on civilization and transportation. The imposing Allegheny Mountains long stood as a barrier to efficient travel across the state. This engineering marvel was completed in 1854 and reduced the Philadelphia-to-Pittsburgh travel time from 4 days to 15 hours.

Emigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emigration - Essay Example While most people believe that emigration is good for the emigrants, other people like me, believe it is important to look at the causes of emigration in order to curb this existing trend. According to Scholar (190), one of the main known causes of emigration is education. Education in most cases is known as the key to success in life. Mainly, education supports people in life by shaping their career paths, which they rely on for their livelihoods. Education is also important in that it prepares people for wise leadership and personal accomplishments in life. This happens through opening people minds to new ideas in life and enlightens them on their rights and freedoms as citizens of a particular country. It is only through education that people can make separate identity. Of late, education has been classified as a basic need in life. It enlightens people on how they should think, how to work properly, how to make right decisions. Laipson and Chomuik (1), believe that the quality of education is very important to people. With quality education, people are able to familiarize themselves with the latest technology, which makes their life easier. Moreover, quality education enhances production and use of creative ideas, innovative projects, and knowledge. Quality education is also used in research whereby emigrants move to new countries to seek quality research. For instance, many scholars in developing countries immigrate to developed countries such as US to conduct their research on projects that they aim to introduce in their own country in future. Moreover, people emigrate to different countries to seek affordable quality education. Countries where the cost of education is high are more likely to experience emigration than countries whereby the cost of education is cheap and affordable. Issues related to employment have been in the front line to contribute to emigration. It is well known that employment is a source of livelihood for most of the people in the world. Various countries will have more employment opportunities than others due to issue related to absolute advantage and comparative advantage in their economies. In addition, these countries will have different rates of return for investments that raises the rate of attraction for potential emigrants. Moreover, the recipient countries for emigrants will have high payment opportunities than those countries where emigrants come from (Dolan 1). According to Ian (1), payments and employment opportunities are the main causes of emigration from developing countries. This is because developed countries tend to pay highly as compared to developing countries. Moreover, the large size of their firms creates more employment opportunities as compared to the small size of firms in developing countries. Productive employment opportunities and decent work are the main routes out of poverty. Proper-functioning labor markets and an enabling environment for confined free enterprise are indispensa ble to intensify employment opportunities for the emigrants. Moreover, the developed counties emigrants go to have workers’ rights and benefits that distinguish and improve situations in the emigrants’ economy, where most poor emigrants and their families earn their source of revenue. Workers’ rights and benefits are important to poverty reduction. Increasing the employability of emigrants,

Can Barack Obama deliver the change (in foreign policy) he promises Research Paper

Can Barack Obama deliver the change (in foreign policy) he promises - Research Paper Example 5. The federal budget is balanced, therefore allowing the President more time to work on foreign policy. CON: No, President Obama can not deliver the change in foreign policy he promises. 1. Barack Obama is defeated by Governor Mitt Romney, who becomes the next President of the United States of America on 6 November 2012. 2. The legislative branch of the United States government continues to bicker among themselves, therefore not agreeing on policy. 3. The countries that have historically been allies of the United States decide to cut ties politically with the United States. 4. The war in Afghanistan continues for more than four years therefore occupying most of President Obama’s attention. 5. The United States continues to go into debt, therefore decreasing the ability that the United States to create foreign policy as well as not allowing time to manage foreign policy with an ever nearing depression. Due to the interconnectedness of the world, foreign policy is now an import ant aspect of any politicians’ job. This is even more so for the President of the Unites States of America, a position that has numerous levels of responsibility. The President has to maintain internal peace of prosperity, as well as international concerns. The United States in recent decades has taken on responsibilities that most countries would not. Being a leader in world politics, world economics, and being a world super power takes a toll on a country as well as a leader. This has especially been true for the United States that has seen in the last two decades almost constant international warfare, a struggling economy, and increased numbers of adversaries. To achieve what needs to be accomplished internationally, the President must have a strong stance on foreign policy and the ability to enact change. When Barack Obama was elected President in 2008 the nation was embroiled in two large conflicts, the national debt was increasing, and the rate of employment was decreas ing. Foreign policy while important was not on the top list of things to do. However, now that the unemployment rates are stable, and the United States is out of one of the conflict zones, a look at if President Obama can achieve any significant change to Foreign policy is appropriate. The main hurdles that President Obama is facing are the upcoming elections, which parties controls the legislative branch, our international allies start to falter, the current war in Afghanistan continues, and there is no relief in sight for the national budget to be balanced. All five of these things could affect foreign policy. In addition to each of these being a detriment to the success, the opposite will be beneficial in accomplishing effective and long lasting change. The election that is taking place on November 6, 2012 is one of the most divisive elections in the last 50 years. Many bloggers have realized this and started to write about what this election is doing to the country. Due to this divisiveness both #1 and #2 are going to be dependent on the results of the election. Daniel Greenfield, in a very conservative blog believes that it was the intention of the candidates to divide the country, to spread fear and loathing among the population.i This division was done not to support the United States, but to show how bad it could be. The latest polls show that there is a chance of either party to win the Presidency.

Analysing Levels Of European Integration In The 1970s Politics Essay

Analysing Levels Of European Integration In The 1970s Politics Essay How much, and for what reasons did the process of European integration slow down in the 1970s? The decade of 1970s is very often considered as the time of stagnation or slowing down in the process of European integration. Some analysts like Caporaso and Keeler call this period doldrums era of the Dark Ages for the Community,  [1]  or like Dinan characterises it a harmonization in European integration.  [2]  However, can we say that the phrase harmonization equals stagnation? The more adequate appears to be Andrew Moravcsik claiming, that the particular era can be considered twofold, from the federalist point of view it was the time of stagnation, but on the other hand, it was also a decade of both consolidation and innovation.  [3]  For the reason of such diverse outlooks towards that certain time of European integration, in order to testify and assess how much process of integration in European Community slowed down, important is to explore and explain the achievements a nd innovations that were implemented during the whole 1970s. Nevertheless, in order to obtain more objective picture crucial is to include in that considerations also all failures of the decade. Furthermore, with the intention to determine a reason for the lack of significant progress in 1970s, the domestic situation of member states and events that took place inside the Community will be studied in this essay, but also for the enhancement of the general conclusion, an overall condition of Europe and the world in that specific period of time. 1970s seems to be a phase of changes in directions of integration in Europe, therefore it is vital to found out why states are considered to act more separately than collectively in that time, and began to be, to a greater extent than in previous decades, concerned with their national interests. Next, another fundamental question emerges, i.e. why consensus and unanimity in decision-making became so difficult to achieve. In addition, it is esse ntial to mention, that the starting point for the decade was Hague summit, held in 1969, which prepared the ground for further advances,  [4]  in other words, during that summit aims were established to be attained during next few years. Consequently, it will be analysed whether and to what extent such goals has been realised during the decade. In order to make this essay clearer, in the first part will be analysed how much the process of European integration slowed down, and in the second will be provided reasons for such occurrence. In the conclusions the main points of the essay will be summarised and there will be created an overall picture of the decade. The attempt of assessing how much did the process of European integration slow down in the 1970s appears to be problematic, because this particular decade, as well as all previous periods beginning from the end of the Second World War, differ substantially in many scopes, consequently it is hard to compare them. All the most meaningful agreements and treaties for the establishment the European Community, and then finally European Union have been inaugurated in 1950s, namely Treaty of Paris launching ECSC, then establishment of WEU, as well as Treaty of Rome founding EEC and EURATOM. Also 1960s is important time, when EEC and Custom Unions were instituted, the European Community was formed, and the Hague summit took place determining strands and goals for the next decade. It can be argued that in that context 1970s are seen as quite poor period, because of the lack of any significant treaties or innovations, which would be meaningful from our perspective, over 30 years later. Neverthe less, during 1970s numerous important improvements were introduced, but in order to obtain more insightful and comprehensive image of the overall decade it is essential to revise not only all the most principal achievements of that time, but also all attempts and efforts that have been undertaken, even if they ended up unsuccessfully. After the Hague summit first meeting aiming to determine necessary task to fulfil in order to make a progress in functioning European Community was Paris summit, where has been agreed by the participants, to modify the present Community into more official form of political cooperation, namely European Union. Although Paris summit can be regarded as an attempt to develop European collaboration, its contribution into genuine integration is rather slight, some find it as the summit defining intention for further integration rather than producing any vital advancement. Nevertheless, Paris summit had an impact on few important innovations that have been achieved later. For instance, during that summit has been made significant effort to initiate collective environmental policy, Dinan claims Paris summit was the genesis of the ECs first Environmental Action Program.  [5]  Another successful outcome of Paris summit was the implementation of the European Social Fund in 1974 to improve th e quality of life of its citizens.  [6]   Next noteworthy achievement of the 1970s was the signing of the Lomà © Convention in 1975, the trade agreement between the EC and group of 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries. That enhanced the meaning of the EC in the international arena. In the result, for the first time in history of the European Community, European Political Cooperation has been launched, granting the EC official significance as the unity in foreign policy. From that moment during numerous international meetings of states or institutions, the EC was capable to perform and participate as the single body of cohesive states, acting as a representation of all member states of the European Community. Furthermore, the Treaty of Luxembourg in 1970 extended the European Parliaments role in budgetary dispositions and regulations.  [7]  It was not, however, the only improvement affecting the functioning of the European Parliament during that certain decade. At the decay of the 1970s, after long lasting struggles, mainly because of the long process of legislative amendments in British Parliament,  [8]  in 1979 for the first time direct elections to European Parliament were held in all member states, which consolidated the EC democratically, and granted the EC more legitimate power. Nonetheless, European Parliaments innovation was not the only progress in context of institutional improvements that have been reached during 1970s. Even more important than Parliamentary elections emerges to be the creation of the European Council in 1974, as the body for the regular meetings of heads of all the member states to determine the direction for further progress. Some analysts call the decade of 1970s an era of summitry.  [9]  Nevertheless, the European Council was first authorised body of the EC, where political leaders of the member states were formally able to meet and discuss the future of the Community and the collective interests. Moreover, 1970s was a time of significant progress towards Monetary Union, which was not established eventually in that decade, and it is very often regarded as the main failure of that decade, but the reasons for that will be explained later in that essay. However, negotiations in that field have been inaugurated. The most successive achievements towards future European Monetary Union was in 1978 the decision to implement of the European Monetary System.  [10]   All the above programs and creations were of the significant importance primarily because they are concerned as the policy of deepening of integration. In spite of that, 1970s was the period of the first enlargement of the European Community, subsequently first step of the policy of widening. In 1973 three states, namely United Kingdom, Denmark, and Ireland joined to the six states that founded the community in 1957. Even if we say that all endeavours during the whole decade of 1970s aiming to deepen European integration was not very successful, we definitely cannot deny the significance of the first enlargements of the Community. Therefore, at least from that perspective, 1970s appears to be crucial period of time for the EUs future. Above examples prove that 1970s is not accurately regarded as the total stagnation in European integration, both in the scope of deepening as well as widening. Notwithstanding, the process of integration certainly slowed down to a significant exchange in that particular decade. In 1970s vital is the fact that the character of the European integration has diametrically changed in a comparison to previous periods. In further part of that essay the reasons for that phenomenon will be clarified, and the motives for difficulties with launching certain innovations, for instance European Monetary Union, will be explained. One of the arising questions whilst studying this period of time is why negotiations did last so long, and therefore impede implementation of any modernising treaties and resolutions. Crucial factor whilst considering the reasons for such slowing down is a historical context. Important here is the fact, that Europe, but also the whole world, was, we might say, in the middle of the Cold War. Started process of dà ©tente, literary divided Europe, and two ideological camps in the struggle for the influence in the world politics, also lasting Vietnam War, all of that factors had a significant impact on the domestic politics of the European Community. During Hague summit has been agreed to introduce European Monetary System, however the EC was already divided into two camps of opinions and perceptions about the future reforms. On the one side stand economists, namely group created by Germany, Netherlands and to a certain extent Italy; they opted for harmonisation of the economic policies in Europe in the first line. On the other side were situated France, backed by Belgium and Luxembourg, namely monetarist camp proposing the monetary cooperation first, and then economic collaboration. In the result Werner Report has been created calling for simultaneous and gradual implementation of both strategies in near future.  [11]  Subsequently, common currency and Central Bank as the controlling organ coordinating the financial and currency policy of the EC was decided to be introduced. However, future events of the decade undermined the whole process. One might ask why, for instance, Vietnam War had any impact on the domestic situation of the EC, but that together with another important event during that certain decade resulted in the economic instability, and in a consequence, major changes in world economic policies. More precisely, in 1971 Europe has been hit by the international monetary crisis, which began in US, country involved in ideological and military Cold War struggle for hegemonic power, and greatly weakened by military operations in Vietnam. Here can be seen how worldwide events directly affect the ECs domestic situation. Monetary crisis was furthermore enhanced by the huge American payment deficit, which also prominently destabilised European financial difficulties. The European Communitys member states struggled to find a suitable resolution of the monetary crisis; however the opinions how to face the problem were diverse. On the one hand, Germany proposed to join the ECs floating system; however, France opposed that solution and opted, on the other hand, for devaluation of dollar. In Council meet ing no agreement has been achieved, and finally Germany and Netherlands floated their currencies. In 1972 during Paris summit an agreement to a certain extent has been reached, and plan for the implementation of the European Monetary cooperation Fund was set up. Moreover, the EC states obliged themselves to reduce fluctuation and eventually launched the resolution called snake, in order to consolidate currency system among the ECs member states. Notwithstanding, snake failed later on as the result of the oil crisis, which occurred as the consequence of Yom Kippur war between Arab states and Israel in 1973. Oil crisis led to an occurrence called stagflation, and that affected the interior stability of the whole EC. The national bargaining between monetarists and economists demonstrates changes in the character of the process of European integration. The importance of effect in changing leading ideology of the integration was proclaimed in 2000 by Joschka Fischer, who said In the past, European integration was based on the Monnet method with its communitarization approach in European institutions and policy.  [12]  Founding fathers of the Community, Robert Schuman and Jean Monnet, advocated the communitarian vision of European unity, they believed in the possibility of creation of federation of European states, and supranational institutions as the leading and joining organs of the community. It is apparent in 1960s the existence in French foreign policy of the resistance to the supranationalism and federalism. It was particularly evident in de Gaulles vision of an intergovernmental Europe,  [13]  resulted in long opposition of an enlargement of the EC and protagonist policy protecting n ational interests. Changes of the leading figures of the member states lessened a little these national bargaining, and subsequently when Pompidou became the president of France, British membership was no longer resisted. Nevertheless, after final enlargement in 1973 there aroused another problem, namely Euroscepticism, mainly in UK and Denmark, what became another issue in decision-making process. The outcome of the intergovernmental atmosphere and changed attitudes of the member states, enhanced additionally by the economic crisis, were predominantly evident in the work of the European Council. Some analysts even claim that the European Council in 1970s was symbolic of a profoundly intergovernmental era in the history of the EU.  [14]  All of the above factors extremely weakened and undermined the decision-making process. Further aspect that caused the difficulty in the reaching an agreement was the 1973s enlargements. It was not only, as has been said above, due to the less pro-European policy in new members than among other ECs states, but mainly because the effect it had on the European institutions. It was the first enlargements in the history of EU, and institutions such as, for example, the Commission, faced the problem of the growing number of diplomats and bureaucrats. Another problem of the European Community, beside the insufficiency of the European institutions weakened by the enlargement, was the lack of the leadership. As Jean Monnet claimed in 1974: What is lacking more than anything in European affairs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is authority. Discussion is organised: decision is not. By themselves the existing Community institutions are not strong enough.  [15]   Moreover, substantial impact on the process of European integration in 1970s to a great extent had a domestic situation of the member states, in particular of Germany, France, and UK. The Western Europe in 1970s had to face numerous problems of the various natures, economic, social as well as political. Rising unemployment, high inflation, and decline of the domestic growth forced the members of the EC to secure their national interests rather than prioritise greater integration. As Urwin argued In the 1960s the average annual growth rate within the OECD countries had been 4.8 per cent; in the 1970s it sank to 3.4 per cent.  [16]  Another issue was the spread of the terrorist threat, as the outcome of movements of 1968 in Germany, namely RAF organisation, and in France as well. However, also the importance of the feminist notion cannot be omitted, as it has a great impact on the economic situation, mainly because larger amount of women were seeking for work. As long as feminist h as usually positive effect on the social progress of states, in that situation it exacerbated the scale of unemployment. Additionally, strikes in UK, and rising opposition in the political arena in Italy and Denmark, caused that member states governments focused more on the problems stroking their countries and autonomous solutions, rather than integration. Many of those problems aroused because of the financial crisis of 1970s, and affected the decision-making process in European institutions, what subsequently slowed down the negotiations, reaching of agreements, and finally integration per se. To summarise, the whole period since the 1969 Hague summit until, we may say 1979 wise mens report had been very unsuccessful period for the European integration. Three appointed experts characterised in their report in 1979 bad condition of the Community and had blamed for that substantive problems stemming from economic and political constraints.  [17]  On the one hand, there have been some substantive improvements achieved during 1970s, such as first enlargement, EPC, or implementation of the European Council, nevertheless although the long struggles and negotiations the European Monetary System has not been launched, and member states acted more separately than collectively, securing their national interests. Derek Urwin argues that the EC failed to develop a concerted economic or political response to the crisis, indicating perhaps how easily narrower national interests could uproot the common structure.  [18]  The main reasons for the slowing down in the integration app ear to be monetary and economic crisis, exacerbated by war in the Middle East; domestic problems of the member states, which enhanced the intergovernmental character of the European cooperation; and first enlargement, even if also seen as an achievement in a context of the widening, it had a great impact of the stability of the European institutions and decision-making process. We certainly can admit that to a significant extend process of European integration did slow down in 1970s, nevertheless that stagnation was a motivation for actions that have been undertaken in 1980s and further decades to recover a condition of the EC and improve the integration, which finally led to the signing of the Maastrich Treaty in 1992, establishing European Union. Bibiography: Bache I., S. George and S. Bulmer, Politics in the European Union, Third Edition, (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2011), chapters: 10-11 Dinan D., Europe Recast, A History of European Union,(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), chapters: 4 5 European NAvigator, The authoritative multimedia reference on the History of Europe, Historical Events: 1969-1979 Crises and revival, http://www.ena.lu/? EUROPA, The EU at a glance > The history of the European Union > 1970-1979 A growing community, http://europa.eu/abc/history/1970-1979/index_en.htm modified 08 June 2010 Milward A.S., The European Rescue of the Nation-State, Second Edition, (London: Routledge, 2000), chapter 1 Moravcsik A., The Choice for Europe, Social Purpose State power from Messina to Maastricht, (Oxon: Routledge, 1999), chapters: 4 7 Nelsen B.R. and A.Stubb (eds.), The European Union, Readings on the Theory and Practice of European Integration, Third Edition, (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003), chapters: 6, 9 12 Urwin D.W., A political History of Western Europe since 1945, Fifth Edition, (London: Longman, 1997), chapters: 15-20 Urwin, D.W., The European Community: From 1945 to 1985, in M. Cini and N. Pà ©rez-Solà ³rzano Borragà ¡n (eds.), European Union Politics, Third Edition, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 15-31 Urwin D.W., The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945, Second Edition, (London: Longman, 1995), chapters: 10-15